1背景

傳統養牛(niu)(niu)以個體戶(hu)較(jiao)多,每戶(hu)一般存(cun)(cun)欄(lan)數(shu)(shu)頭(tou),以使(shi)役為主,牛(niu)(niu)能夠得(de)到(dao)精心照料,發病(bing)較(jiao)少。當規(gui)模化發展后,牛(niu)(niu)群集(ji)中度提高(gao),1個牛(niu)(niu)場可(ke)能存(cun)(cun)欄(lan)數(shu)(shu)百頭(tou)甚至上千頭(tou),這就需(xu)要(yao)(yao)較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)管理水平與之匹(pi)配。規(gui)模化飼養首先要(yao)(yao)解決的(de)(de)是(shi)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)的(de)(de)防治問題,根(gen)據生物(wu)學規(gui)律,動(dong)物(wu)集(ji)中度越(yue)(yue)高(gao)、數(shu)(shu)量(liang)越(yue)(yue)多、密(mi)度越(yue)(yue)大,則疫病(bing)暴發的(de)(de)可(ke)能性就越(yue)(yue)大,而(er)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu)是(shi)防控(kong)這些(xie)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)發生的(de)(de)最主要(yao)(yao)手(shou)段。如何能合(he)理使(shi)用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)物(wu),使(shi)藥(yao)(yao)效(xiao)最大程度發揮,毒副(fu)作(zuo)用(yong)降低(di)至最小(xiao)是(shi)每個技術人員首先要(yao)(yao)考慮(lv)的(de)(de)問題。筆者(zhe)通過對基層很多牛(niu)(niu)場的(de)(de)走訪,發現有(you)相(xiang)當數(shu)(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)牛(niu)(niu)場存(cun)(cun)在不(bu)合(he)理、不(bu)規(gui)范用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)情況(kuang),不(bu)利于疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)的(de)(de)防控(kong)。

2常見的用藥注意事項

臨床(chuang)工作中的用藥注意(yi)事(shi)項較多,以下幾個方面最為常見。

1)抗生素的不合理使用。抗(kang)(kang)(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)主要起到抑殺病(bing)原(yuan)微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),在臨床生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產過程中應用(yong)(yong)(yong)非常廣泛,通常用(yong)(yong)(yong)于防治疾病(bing)、促生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長等方面,是(shi)養(yang)牛(niu)(niu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產中應用(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)的(de)(de)(de)化學藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)品(pin)類(lei)(lei)。但實際生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產過程中發(fa)現(xian)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)養(yang)牛(niu)(niu)場的(de)(de)(de)技術人員對(dui)(dui)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)的(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)存在很(hen)多(duo)(duo)不(bu)合理(li)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)法,特別(bie)是(shi)口(kou)服(fu)(fu)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)更是(shi)對(dui)(dui)牛(niu)(niu)的(de)(de)(de)健康造(zao)成(cheng)很(hen)大隱患。牛(niu)(niu)為反(fan)芻動物(wu)(wu),食入的(de)(de)(de)飼料(liao)以粗纖維類(lei)(lei)為主,瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)胃本身(shen)分(fen)泌的(de)(de)(de)胃液對(dui)(dui)飼料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)纖維素(su)不(bu)具有消化作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong),纖維素(su)主要依靠瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)胃中的(de)(de)(de)各種微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)發(fa)酵分(fen)解后(hou),以有機(ji)酸的(de)(de)(de)形式(shi)被機(ji)體(ti)吸收利用(yong)(yong)(yong)。抗(kang)(kang)(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)口(kou)服(fu)(fu)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)后(hou),在瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)胃中除了對(dui)(dui)病(bing)原(yuan)性微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)起到抑殺作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)外,還對(dui)(dui)益生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)造(zao)成(cheng)影(ying)響,因大多(duo)(duo)數(shu)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)不(bu)會選擇性地區別(bie)微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)害(hai)益,最終造(zao)成(cheng)瘤(liu)(liu)(liu)胃體(ti)系微(wei)(wei)(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態失衡,疾病(bing)反(fan)而加重,故養(yang)牛(niu)(niu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產過程中,不(bu)到萬(wan)不(bu)得已(yi)盡量(liang)避免抗(kang)(kang)(kang)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)素(su)通過口(kou)服(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)給藥(yao)。

2)藥物配伍。每(mei)種藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)都(dou)有(you)各自的(de)(de)(de)功效(xiao),養牛生(sheng)產(chan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)常通過(guo)2種或(huo)2種以(yi)(yi)(yi)上的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)配伍(wu)(wu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong),以(yi)(yi)(yi)期達到1+1>2的(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果(guo),但(dan)不同(tong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)不但(dan)有(you)著不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)劑型(xing)、規格和使(shi)(shi)用(yong)劑量,更有(you)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)理、藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)化和藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)動方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)區別,每(mei)1名牛場技術人員都(dou)需要(yao)(yao)熟知常用(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)科學(xue)配伍(wu)(wu),包括藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)理化性(xing)質、酸堿度(du)、氧化還原性(xing)、官能(neng)團(tuan)等(deng),以(yi)(yi)(yi)便科學(xue)配伍(wu)(wu)。如磺胺類注射(she)液(ye)一(yi)般顯堿性(xing),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)類的(de)(de)(de)大多液(ye)體制劑都(dou)為(wei)酸性(xing),如果(guo)將(jiang)二者配伍(wu)(wu)使(shi)(shi)用(yong),很容易出現(xian)磺胺藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)析出、而中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)有(you)效(xiao)成分降解的(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題,不但(dan)造成了(le)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)浪費(fei),還耽(dan)誤病情。如果(guo)對配伍(wu)(wu)結果(guo)不確定,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)通過(guo)預試驗的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式進(jin)行(xing)配伍(wu)(wu),以(yi)(yi)(yi)免造成不必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)。藥(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)配伍(wu)(wu)是一(yi)門技術,建議臨床(chuang)一(yi)線的(de)(de)(de)獸醫人員多學(xue)習相(xiang)關知識,掌(zhang)握配伍(wu)(wu)技巧。

3)藥物殘留。藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)殘留(liu)一直以(yi)(yi)來是困(kun)擾(rao)養(yang)(yang)殖業和食(shi)品(pin)業的(de)比(bi)較頭疼的(de)問(wen)題,雖(sui)然我國(guo)養(yang)(yang)牛業已經初(chu)具規(gui)(gui)模(mo),但仍有很大一部(bu)分以(yi)(yi)傳(chuan)統(tong)養(yang)(yang)殖為主的(de)散養(yang)(yang)戶(hu),養(yang)(yang)殖理念差,養(yang)(yang)殖方式傳(chuan)統(tong),不遵守(shou)休(xiu)藥(yao)期相關(guan)規(gui)(gui)定,胡亂用(yong)(yong)藥(yao),肉牛臨出欄前仍在大量(liang)(liang)使用(yong)(yong)化學藥(yao)物(wu)(wu),奶牛產奶期隨意使用(yong)(yong)抗(kang)生素,致使最終(zhong)的(de)食(shi)品(pin)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)殘留(liu)量(liang)(liang)高(gao)于國(guo)家標準(zhun)。隨著(zhu)國(guo)家對(dui)食(shi)品(pin)監(jian)察力度(du)的(de)加(jia)強(qiang),食(shi)品(pin)安全越來越受(shou)到社會的(de)重視,通過立法也使得違法成(cheng)本(ben)越來越高(gao)。希望廣大養(yang)(yang)殖戶(hu)能夠提高(gao)食(shi)品(pin)安全意識,使用(yong)(yong)獸藥(yao)防控疾(ji)病的(de)同時(shi)一定要(yao)遵守(shou)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)的(de)休(xiu)藥(yao)期,按照(zhao)藥(yao)物(wu)(wu)說明規(gui)(gui)范用(yong)(yong)藥(yao),不可隨意增加(jia)用(yong)(yong)量(liang)(liang)和延長(chang)用(yong)(yong)藥(yao)時(shi)間。

4)耐藥性問題。耐藥(yao)(yao)(yao)性問(wen)題目(mu)前在我國(guo)非常普(pu)遍,由于我國(guo)養(yang)殖資源分布廣泛,養(yang)殖水平相對(dui)落后(hou),集約(yue)化管理(li)水平低下,防治(zhi)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)大(da)(da)多還(huan)是處于依靠藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)統階(jie)段,這個國(guo)情使(shi)(shi)得獸(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)濫用(yong)(yong)(yong)情況(kuang)較(jiao)為嚴重(zhong)。根據自然界的(de)(de)規律(lv),病(bing)原(yuan)會處在不斷變(bian)(bian)異過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中,且變(bian)(bian)異無方向性,當獸(shou)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)作為條件對(dui)其(qi)變(bian)(bian)異特征(zheng)選擇時,便會在用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中產(chan)生(sheng)大(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)耐藥(yao)(yao)(yao)后(hou)代,如果(guo)發(fa)生(sheng)新(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)感染,則老(lao)抗(kang)(kang)生(sheng)素將會失去效力。周而復始(shi),很多耐不同藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)病(bing)原(yuan)都會選擇下來(lai),最終(zhong)使(shi)(shi)得疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)的(de)(de)治(zhi)療(liao)越來(lai)越困(kun)難,而新(xin)(xin)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)研制速度(du)又(you)遠遠小于變(bian)(bian)異選擇的(de)(de)速度(du),最終(zhong)導致耐藥(yao)(yao)(yao)性比較(jiao)普(pu)遍。耐藥(yao)(yao)(yao)性問(wen)題是濫用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)后(hou)果(guo),希望廣大(da)(da)養(yang)牛(niu)者(zhe)在臨床生(sheng)產(chan)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中,規范用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao),合(he)理(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)和科學用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)。同一(yi)種(zhong)抗(kang)(kang)生(sheng)素盡量(liang)間斷使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong),治(zhi)療(liao)疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)時可通(tong)過(guo)2種(zhong)或2種(zhong)以上的(de)(de)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)聯合(he)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)方式減少每種(zhong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)的(de)(de)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)劑量(liang),藥(yao)(yao)(yao)物(wu)預防疾(ji)(ji)病(bing)時采用(yong)(yong)(yong)穿梭用(yong)(yong)(yong)藥(yao)(yao)(yao)以最大(da)(da)程(cheng)(cheng)度(du)減小病(bing)原(yuan)耐藥(yao)(yao)(yao)性的(de)(de)產(chan)生(sheng)。